COVID-19 and HIV: Understanding the Impact and Symptoms in Patients

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed health challenges for everyone, but for people living with HIV (PLHIV), specific questions arise about how the SARS-CoV-2 virus might affect them. Here at Stg. Building Bridges…Saving Lives, with our experience in Meerzorg and other communities in Suriname, we know it’s crucial for our people to be well-informed. Here’s how COVID-19 can affect people with HIV and what symptoms to look out for.

Do People with HIV Have a Higher Risk of Severe COVID-19?

Anyone can get infected with SARS-CoV-2, but research has revealed some important specifics for PLHIV:

Higher risk of severe illness and death: Global data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other studies have indicated that people with HIV have a significantly higher risk of developing severe or fatal COVID-19 compared to the general population. This means if they contract the virus, the consequences could be more serious.
Factors increasing risk in PLHIV: This risk is more pronounced if the HIV infection is in an advanced stage (e.g., with a recent or late diagnosis), if the person is not on antiretroviral therapy (ART), or if they have a low CD4 cell count (a key indicator of a weakened immune system). A compromised immune system has a harder time fighting off the virus.
Comorbidities: PLHIV often have a higher prevalence of other chronic health conditions (known as comorbidities), which on their own increase the risk of severe COVID-19. These include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, kidney diseases, and hypertension, among others. The combination of these conditions can complicate the course of a COVID-19 infection.
Social determinants of health: We must also consider that unfavorable social and structural factors can play a role. Migrant and vulnerable communities, with whom we work, often face barriers to healthcare access, and living and working conditions that increase their exposure to the virus, further exacerbating their risk.

It’s crucial to understand that if a person with HIV is on regular antiretroviral therapy (ART), has an undetectable viral load, and a good CD4 count, their risk of severe COVID-19 complications is much more similar to that of the general population. Effective ART strengthens the immune system and allows it to respond better to new infections.

COVID-19 Symptoms in People with HIV

The symptoms of COVID-19 in people with HIV are generally the same as those observed in people without HIV. It’s important to be alert for any of these signs:

Common Symptoms:
- Fever or chills
- Cough (can be dry or with phlegm)
- Sore throat
- Shortness of breath (feeling winded, even during mild activities)
- Fatigue or extreme tiredness
- Muscle and body aches
- Headache
- Congestion or runny nose
Less Common But Possible Symptoms:
- Sudden loss of smell (anosmia) or taste (ageusia)
- Nausea or vomiting
- Diarrhea
Emergency Symptoms (Seek immediate medical attention):
- Severe difficulty breathing
- Persistent pain or pressure in the chest
- New confusion
- Inability to wake or stay awake
- Bluish lips or face

Important: If you are a person with HIV and experience any of these symptoms, or any unusual clinical manifestations, do not self-medicate. It’s crucial that you consult a healthcare professional immediately for timely diagnosis and management. Here in Suriname, quick access to medical care is vital.

Key Recommendations for People with HIV Facing COVID-19

Protecting yourself from COVID-19 is an essential part of managing your overall health if you live with HIV. Here are our key recommendations:

Maintain your antiretroviral therapy (ART) without interruption: This is the most important and effective measure. Continuing your ART as prescribed helps keep your immune system strong and suppresses the HIV virus, which in turn minimizes the risk of severe COVID-19 complications. Never stop or modify your ART without consulting your doctor.
COVID-19 Vaccination: COVID-19 vaccines are safe and highly recommended for people with HIV. Numerous studies have shown their safety and effectiveness in this population, significantly reducing the risk of severe illness, hospitalization, and death. Make sure you are up to date with your doses and any boosters recommended by local health authorities.
Adopt general prevention measures:
- Frequent and rigorous hand hygiene with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer (at least 60% alcohol).
- Proper mask use in crowded places, indoor settings, or when recommended by local health authorities.
- Maintain physical distancing of at least 1.5 meters (about 6 feet) from others, especially if you don’t know their health status.
- Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes, nose, and mouth, as it’s a common route for virus entry.
- Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing with a flexed elbow or a disposable tissue, and discard the tissue immediately.
- Ventilate indoor spaces by opening windows or using fans to improve air circulation.
Monitor your health closely: Stay very alert for any COVID-19 symptoms. If you experience symptoms, isolate yourself immediately, avoid contact with others, and seek medical attention as soon as possible.
Develop an emergency plan: Talk to your support network (family, friends) and your healthcare provider about how to manage your treatment and care if you need to isolate or become seriously ill. Make sure you have enough ART medication on hand.
Prioritize your mental health: The pandemic and health concerns can generate stress, anxiety, and depression. Maintaining good mental health is essential for comprehensive HIV management. Don’t hesitate to seek psychological support or talk to your doctor if you feel overwhelmed.

At Stg. Building Bridges…Saving Lives, we are here to support our community in Meerzorg, Commewijne, and throughout Suriname. Don’t hesitate to reach out if you have questions or need guidance regarding COVID-19 and HIV. Your health is our priority!